Family support increases CPAP therapy in patients, new study says

Posted by David O. Volpi, MD, PC, FACS

Attention families of people with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): you can make a positive difference when it comes to your family member’s use of a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machine to treat their OSA.

According to new research published in May in the American Academy of Sleep Medicine’s journal, Sleep,    married people with OSA, or those living with a partner, showed better use of their CPAP machine after the first three months of treatment than OSA sufferers who were single.
Additionally, those who rated their family relationship quality as higher also showed better adherence to CPAP therapy.  The results were adjusted for potential confounding factors including age, gender, and body mass index.

Here’s a refresher on what OSA is, and how CPAP therapy can help: When you fall asleep, your muscles relax, and the soft palate at the back of the throat can sag. When this happens, the upper airway can become obstructed, causing the soft palate and uvula to vibrate, causing snoring.

When the airway is completely obstructed, breathing stops for a period of time, until the body is jerked awake in reaction. This is obstructive sleep apnea. OSA can cause interrupted breathing hundreds of times a night, usually around 20 seconds per pause.

This paused breathing causes waking through the night, preventing deep, restorative sleep. This often leads to a host of problems, from daytime sleepiness and reduced job performance, to hypertension, heart disease, mood, and memory problems.

A CPAP machine helps this condition by pumping a continuous flow of air into the nasal passages — via a mask worn at night — keeping the airway open, and preventing or greatly reducing snoring and paused breathing.

In addition to improving paused breathing and reducing snoring, CPAP treatment also reduces systemic inflammation, a common side effect of OSA. Systemic inflammation is inflammation of blood vessel tissues caused by foreign elements, such as pathogens or damaged cells.

Despite its effectiveness, the problem with CPAP therapy is that the patient has to wear an oxygen mask while they sleep at night. Many people find this uncomfortable, so they don’t wear it and subsequently don’t get the benefits of OSA treatment they need.

In an effort to increase CPAP therapy adherence, this study is great news. Family support from loved ones can increase a patient’s treatment and benefits.

If you or someone you know is considering or struggling with CPAP treatment, a qualified sleep specialist can recommend the correct CPAP machine, or one of the many non-surgical in-office treatments. Visit the eOs sleep apnea treatments page for more information.

Read the full study,  “Family support may improve adherence to CPAP therapy for sleep apnea.”

Significant connection found between sleep apnea and diabetes

Written by David Volpi, M.D., P.C., F.A.C.S.

It’s no secret that sleep apnea can lead to a long list of medical conditions, and worsen existing ones. Medical experts are now adding diabetes to the list. According to a new study published in February on the American Diabetes Association’s Diabetes Care website, sleep apnea can worsen Type 2 diabetes in some patients.

Sleep apnea is a potentially life threatening sleep disorder that’s caused when the muscles of the throat collapse during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea and also the most serious because it causes the soft tissue in the palate, throat, or tongue to “obstruct” the flow of air as a person struggles to breathe while they are asleep.

It’swell known that sleep apnea can greatly increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes. But according to Dr. Babak Mokhlesi, author of the new study and the director of the Sleep Disorders Center at the University of Chicago, sleep apnea can worsen blood sugar control in people with Type 2 diabetes because it disrupts the deepest stage of sleep, known as rapid eye movement, or REM.

For the study, Dr. Mokhlesi and his team studied patients with sleep apnea. The participants experienced apneic episodes during REM sleep. While obstructed breathing usually occurs throughout the night in sleep apnea patients, Mokhlesi and his team found that apneic episodes during the REM phase of sleep had the most detrimental effects on long-term blood sugar control.

In a New York Times article, Mokhlesi commented, “Most REM sleep occurs in the early morning hours before waking. But research shows that many patients remove their CPAP mask in the middle of the night because it can feel uncomfortable. As a result, their apnea is more likely to go untreated during REM sleep, a time that may be particularly important for anyone with diabetes.”

I applaud the efforts of Dr. Mokhlesi, and echo his comment regarding the importance of properly using a CPAP mask for the treatment of sleep apnea. If you’re having trouble with your mask, or just not using it, see a qualified sleep disorder doctor and get sized for a new, quieter, and more comfortable one. There are different CPAP masks and units on the market, so don’t settle for living uncomfortably, or going without proper treatment.

Read the full study titled, “Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep With Reduced Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: Therapeutic Implications.”

Can nasal surgery help CPAP therapy?

Written by David Volpi, M.D., P.C., F.A.C.S.

This month’s blog is for anyone who has obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and is having trouble using—or refusing to use—a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machine while sleeping.

CPAP machines help nighttime interrupted breathing by pumping a continuous flow of air into the nasal passages, keeping the airway open, and preventing or greatly reducing snoring and paused breathing. Still, many people are uncomfortable wearing the CPAP mask at night. Some feel claustrophobic or claim it causes dry mouth, nasal congestion and/or skin irritations.

There are two points I want to make about CPAP machines. One is: realize there are different types of masks and machines available, so take the time to choose one that’s right for you. Choose a small, quiet machine with a comfortable mask that fits you well. A heated humidifier attached to the CPAP machine can reduce throat dryness. Also, adjust titration so the CPAP pressure isn’t too high.

The second point I want to make, is that for some patients with nasal obstruction, a nasal surgery called septoplasty may help make CPAP therapy easier when combined with the above suggestions. An article in the January 2014 issue of The Laryngoscope  explains this first-of-its-kind study.

In response to the difficulty many OSA patients have using CPAP—what doctors call “problematic nonadherence”—three researchers wanted to find out if septoplasty, a surgery for nasal obstruction, would improve CPAP use and effectiveness.

For the study, head researchers Justin Poirier MD, Charles George MD, FRCPC, and Brian Rotenberg MD, MPH studied 18 patients over a six month period. Their average age was 52, 15 were males, and three were female. All the participants had been diagnosed with OSA, were prescribed nasal CPAP, yet were unable to tolerate CPAP treatment mostly due to nasal obstruction and a deviated septum.

The patients underwent septoplasty surgery with inferior turbinoplasty to improve breathing and sinus drainage. Following the surgery, data was collected regarding the patients’ CPAP usage per night. Patients were also asked to fill out the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) Scale questionnaire on how their post-surgery nasal obstruction felt.

The results of the study were encouraging. Before surgery, average patient CPAP usage was 0.5 hours per night. Pre-surgery NOSE Scale questionnaire data averaged 16.1 among the patients, with a maximum possible score of 20.

After surgery, the mean nightly CPAP usage was 3.9 hours per night (significant difference compared to preoperative data at P < .05). And the NOSE Scale score decreased to 5.4 (significant difference compared to preoperative data at P < .05).

In summary, the results show improved CPAP compliance rates following septoplasty surgery in OSA patients with documented nasal obstruction. That said, it’s important to keep in mind that septopasty surgery should be considered conservatively and for appropriate patients. Nasal surgery is not a cure-all for OSA, but along with CPAP and/or other therapies, could make a positive difference in easing OSA-related symptoms. Further, the results of this study offers some written proof of the effectiveness of septoplasty surgery for nasal obstruction and OSA treatment.

If you have been diagnosed with OSA, or are suffering from snoring and sleep issues, I urge you to get evaluated by a qualified ear, nose, and throat doctor. Some common symptoms of OSA include snoring, paused breathing during sleep and excessive sleepiness during the day. Increased blood pressure is another sign you may have sleep apnea.

Untreated OSA can result in poor sleep (for you and your partner), lack of focus, increased cardiovascular disease, and even death. So please get checked out. There are multiple options and minimally invasive techniques available today to treat OSA and other sleep disorders.

Read the full article entitled, “The effect of nasal surgery on nasal continuous positive airway pressure compliance” in the January 2014 issue of The Laryngoscope.

Say Hello to the Neurostimulator—an Alternative to CPAP Machines

I’ve been a practicing ear, nose, and throat specialist for more than 20 years, and one thing I know for certain about my obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients is—they have to do the treatments in order to get better.

The problem is that some OSA patients who would benefit from Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machines can’t or won’t use it because they find it uncomfortable, even though CPAPs have proven to be very effective in increasing oxygen flow and reducing apneic events that result in snoring.

But thankfully, medical advances are happening almost weekly, and so it is with sleep apnea diagnosis and treatment. One study that has me particularly excited recently appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine.  It was also written about in The New York Times by Catherine Saint Louis.

Inspire Medical Systems, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, has developed a something called the neurostimulator to treat OSA. The pacemaker-like device is surgically implanted in the chest, and at night, the device sends regular electric impulses to a nerve inside the jaw. These electric impulses cause the tongue to move forward during inhalation, opening up the airway, improving air flow and reducing breathing pauses. 

Inspire Medical Systems funded a study to test the neurostimulator. Doctors surgically implanted remote-controlled neurostimulators in 126 patients, and activated them at night as the patients slept. After one year, patients experienced a marked decline in breathing pauses—from 29.3 episodes per hour to nine per hour, on average. Dangerous drops in blood oxygen levels also declined, from 25.4 per hour to 7.4 per hour, on average. At one year, 86 percent of patients said they use the neurostimulator on a daily basis, and two of the 126 patients stopped using in at night. Sleep apnea worsened in about 20 patients using the device, but doctors are not yet sure why.

The second phase also showed indications that the neurostimulator is effective in OSA treatment. In 46 patients who showed that the treatment was helping their OSA after one year, some were told to continue with the therapy or have it withdrawn for one week. Not surprisingly, those who continued the neurostimulator therapy showed little change in the number of breathing pauses per hour or drops in blood oxygen levels. But in the patients no longer using the therapy, the number of breathing pauses increased sharply, from 7.6 per hour to 25.8 per hour, on average. And the episodes of blood oxygen level drops rose from 6 per hour to 23 per hour, on average.

While more research and study is needed, the results are truly encouraging that upper airway neurostimulator therapy may soon be an effective and welcome alternative for OSA treatment, especially for those patients who have difficulty with CPAP masks and machines.

Read the full article entitled, “Upper-Airway Stimulation for Obstructive Sleep Apnea” in The New England Journal of Medicine.

Sleep Better — Get Smart about Your Smartphone

By Dr. David O. Volpi, M.D.

Smartphones, iPads, and other personal electronic devices are great ways to communicate and entertain ourselves, but they may also be negatively impacting the quality and quantity of our sleep.

As personal electronic devices have become more ubiquitous, the bright-light emitting screens that allow the use of mobile devices in dimly lit rooms have become a more common reason for sleep disruption, whether users realize it or not.

Why is that? Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland at night and when it is dark. It is a “timer” that tells the body that it is nighttime, and time to go to sleep. Exposure to light at night, such as that in the brightly-lit screens of many personal mobile devices, can interfere with melatonin, the hormone that helps control our sleep and wake cycles.

But rest easier: New research from the Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, AZ explains a way to reduce the impact of electronic devises on sleep cycles.

Lois Krahn, M.D., a psychiatrist and sleep expert at the Mayo Clinic and co-author of the study said, “In the old days, people would go to bed and read a book. More commonly, people go to bed and they have their tablet on which they read a book or newspaper or look at material. The problem is it's a lit device, and how problematic is the light source from the mobile device?"

That question prompted Dr. Krahn to wonder, is the light from screens always a negative factor for sleep?" To find out, Krahn and his colleagues experimented with two tablets and a smartphone in a dark room, using a meter on its most sensitive setting to measure the light the devices emitted at various settings when held various distances from a person's face.

They discovered that when the brightness settings were lowered and the devices were held just over a foot from a user's face, it reduced the risk that the light would be bright enough to suppress melatonin secretion and disrupt sleep.

Explains Krahn, “We found that only at the highest setting was the light over a conservative threshold that might affect melatonin levels. If it's at the mid setting or at a low setting, it's bright enough to use."

The new Mayo Clinic research, which was presented in June at SLEEP 2013, the 27th annual meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies LLC, in Baltimore, Md., also suggests things you can do to help prevent screen light from interfering with melatonin and affecting sleep.

These tips include dimming the smartphone or tablet brightness settings and holding the device at least 14 inches from your face while using it.

Other general tips include moving the TV and computer out of the bedroom, or at the very least, do not watch TV or work on the computer to bedtime.

With so many electronic distractions in our lives, it's important to re-claim the bedroom for its intended purpose: rest, relaxation, and sleep.

Untreated Sleep Apnea: The Quiet Danger on the Road

By Dr. David O. Volpi

It is common knowledge that untreated sleep apnea can have dire health effects, but researchers in England found out that loss of sleep also increases a person’s risk of nodding asleep at the wheel, and getting in a car accident. That endangers not only the person suffering from the sleep disorder, but any person driving around them at any given time.

The study, which was organized by the European Respiratory Society and the European Sleep Research Society, and presented April 12, 2013 at the Sleep and Breathing Conference in Berlin, determined that people with untreated sleep apnea are more likely to fail a driving simulator test, and report nodding asleep while driving.

Let’s review: What is sleep apnea?

Sleep apnea is a breathing disorder that causes a person’s breathing during sleep to be paused and/or shallow. The pauses generally last 10 to 20 seconds, and in severe cases, can occur hundreds of times a night. With obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the airway is blocked and/or collapses while sleeping. Air squeezing by the blockage can cause loud snoring and interrupted sleep.

As a result of the paused breathing and/or snoring, many sleep apnea sufferers are woken up throughout the night and spend more time in light sleep, rather than deep, restful REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. This chronic sleep deprivation results in daytime sleepiness, and can negatively affect job performance, mood, reflexes, concentration, and it can lead to hypertension, heart disease, and memory problems.

Testing and results of the study

To determine the effect of untreated sleep apnea on driving, the researchers conducted two separate studies. The first was a driving simulation test where 133 patients with untreated sleep apnea and 89 without sleep apnea were asked to “drive” 90 km—about 55 miles.

Various criteria was recorded, including the participants’ ability to complete the driving distance, their time spent in the middle lane, and any participation in an unprovoked crash or a “veer event” crash.

The results of the driving simulation test showed that:

• Patients with untreated sleep apnea were more likely to fail the driving simulation test—24 percent of the sleep apnea patients failed the test, compared to 12 percent of those without sleep apnea.
• In addition, many patients with untreated sleep apnea were unable to complete the test at all, had more unprovoked crashes, and were unable to follow the clear driving instructions given at the beginning of the simulation test.

In the second study, 118 people with untreated sleep apnea and 69 without sleep apnea completed a questionnaire about their driving behavior, and also took the 90 driving test on the simulator.
The results showed that:

• 35 percent of those with untreated sleep apnea admitted to nodding asleep while at the wheel, and 38 percent of this same group failed the driving simulation test.
• By comparison, only 11 percent of people without sleep apnea said they have nodded off while driving, and none of this group failed the simulator test.

Key differences in the reasons for failure

While some people in the control group (those without sleep apnea) also failed the driving simulator test, the researchers noted key differences in why they failed the test:

• 13 people with untreated sleep apnea did not finish the test because they fell asleep or veered completely off the road.
• 5 people with untreated sleep apnea failed because they spent more than 5 percent of the study outside the lane they had been instructed to stay in.

But in the control group, no one failed the simulation for either of these reasons. Again, no one in the “without sleep apnea” group failed the driving simulation due to falling asleep, veering completely off the road, or driving outside the lane.

Dan Smyth of Sleep Apnea Europe noted, "The dangers of untreated sleep apnea and driving are highlighted in both studies. These studies give weight to the need for provision of sufficient resources for early diagnosis and treatment.

While further investigation is needed to examine the reasons for failure of the simulator tests, I acknowledge the researchers for bringing light to this very dangerous side effect of untreated sleep apnea. of sleep apnea, where effective treatment ensures a return to acceptable risk levels for road users."

Are you at risk for sleep apnea?

So how do you know you may have obstructive sleep apnea? Some common symptoms include snoring, paused breathing during sleep and excessive sleepiness during the day. Increased blood pressure is another sign you may have sleep apnea.

While sleep apnea is more common in men, OSA increases in women after age 50. Being overweight may also increase a woman’s risk of having sleep apnea. Menopausal women are three and a half times more likely to get OSA, possible due to reduced amounts of progesterone.

If you experiencing one or more of the above sleep apnea symptoms on a regular basis, see a qualified sleep doctor to get diagnosed and treated properly. There are multiple options and minimally invasive techniques available today to treat your sleep disorder.

Women with Sleep Apnea Show Higher Brain Damage, Anxiety than Men

An estimated 18 million Americans have obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), including one in four women over 65, according to the National Sleep Foundation.

And several recent studies have linked OSA to health disorders specifically in women. Sleep apnea has been linked to dementia in older women,  and another observational study found that women with untreated severe OSA are 3.5 times more likely to die from cardiovascular disease than women without OSA.

Here’s another reason for women to take sleep apnea seriously: A first-of-its-kind study out of the UCLA School of Nursing discovered that women with sleep apnea are more likely to suffer a higher degree of brain damage than men with sleep apnea.

What is obstructive sleep apnea? OSA is a disorder that occurs when a person's breathing is repeatedly interrupted during sleep, sometimes hundreds of times a night. During each obstruction, the oxygen level in the blood drops, which over time, causes myriad health problems. For people with sleep apnea, the combination of disturbed sleep and oxygen starvation may lead to hypertension, heart disease and mood and memory problems, among other disorders.

The new UCLA study

UCLA has been on the cutting edge of sleep apnea research. About 10 years ago, the same UCLA research team that conducted the new study was the first to show that men with OSA have damage to their brain cells.

For the latest multi-year study, entitled "Sex Differences in White Matter Alterations Accompanying Obstructive Sleep Apnea,” the researchers studied patients diagnosed with OSA at the UCLA Sleep Laboratory. They compared the nerve fibers in the patients' brains, known as “white matter,” to the nerve fibers of people without OSA or other sleep problems. The goal was to find the differences in brain damage, if any, between men and women with OSA.

Results of the study

The researchers found that women are actually more affected by sleep apnea than men. Additionally, women with OSA have more severe brain damage than men suffering from a similar condition. The women with sleep apnea also showed higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms.

Specifically, the study found that women were impacted in the cingulum bundle and the anterior cingulate cortex areas in the front of the brain involved in decision-making and mood regulation.

Based on the results, chief investigator Paul Macey said, “Doctors should consider that OSA in women may be more problematic and therefore need earlier treatment in women than men.”

With the results of this study as a foundation, the next step is for the researchers to find out if treating sleep apnea can help the brain.

In a “chicken or egg” scenario, did the OSA cause the brain damage, or did the brain damage cause the OSA?  Or did the common conditions, such as depression, dementia or cardiovascular issues cause the brain damage, which in turn leads to sleep apnea?

The study and resulting questions are fascinating, and one thing is for sure: both men and women who are having trouble sleeping should get checked for obstructive sleep apnea and other sleep disorders.

Researchers estimate that up to 85 percent of people with severe sleep apnea have not been diagnosed yet.

Many times, sleep apnea can be misdiagnosed as chronic fatigue, insomnia, depression, or some other non-specific condition, so be specific about the symptoms you are experiencing.

Don't wait to get checked—it could save your life, or someone you love.

For more information, read the article, “Women with sleep apnea have higher degree of brain damage than men, UCLA study shows.”

Veterans with Sleep Apnea: A Growing Human Issue

Whether or not you personally know someone who has served in Iraq, Afghanistan or someplace else on foreign soil, our returning veterans deserve our help and attention. While many have the scars of physical injury, many more veterans bear silent scars. A little known fact but of increasing concern in the medical community is that a growing number of veterans are suffering from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and its symptoms can be devastating for our returning war heroes as they readjust to civilian life

Consider these statistics: According to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), one out of every five war veterans has been diagnosed with OSA — compared with only five out of 100 civilians in the general population. And between 2008 and 2010, the number of veterans who received medical benefits related to sleep apnea grew by 61 percent, from 39,145 cases in 2008 to 63,118 cases in 2010.

These numbers beg the question: Why do war veterans suffer from sleep apnea more than non-war veterans and civilians? Some VA doctors believe that it is due to the high number of repeat deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan — soldiers are being exposed to higher levels of dust, smoke, stress and violence.

But what is at the core of this connection between war, OSA and other related conditions, such as daytime sleepiness, memory loss, a decrease in work productivity, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension. Researchers at the Wayne State University (WSU) School of Medicine are beginning to find out.

Since the mid-2000s, WSU researchers have been studying 145 American immigrants who left Iraq before the 1991 Gulf War, and 205 who fled Iraq after the Gulf War began. All lived in the Detroit area at the time, and were asked about socio-demographics, pre-migration trauma, how they rated their current health, physician-diagnosed and physician-treated OSA, and any somatic and psychosomatic disorders.

The study’s lead investigator, Bengt Arnetz, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H., School of Medicine professor of occupational and environmental health, and deputy director of the Institute of Environmental Health Sciences at Wayne State said, “It may be the stress of war that leads to fractured sleep, and that no one had explored this possible link before, although basic research suggests it as plausible.”

The results of the study are published in the October 2012 issue of Psychosomatic Medicine in the article, "Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, and Health in Immigrants.” The research showed that those who left Iraq after the war began and suffered from mental disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, and self-rated their physical health as worse than their actual health, were 43 times more likely than pre-Gulf War immigrants to report OSA and later develop major chronic health issues, such as cardiovascular disease.

On the results, Arnetz said, “It's a known fact that the more exposure to violence you have, the more likely you are to report post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, and the worse your self-rated health is, the more likely your actual health will suffer in five to 10 years.” And I reiterate, those who were exposed to the violence of the war in Iraq were almost twice as likely to experience PTSD and depression, but also Obstructive Sleep Apnea and other chronic health conditions. I applaud Arnetz and his colleagues’ efforts, and encourage them to continue their studies so that we in the medical community can better understand, diagnose and treat war- and stress-related health conditions.

What about treatment? Diagnosing OSA in veterans can be trickier than non-veterans because of the possibility of other military-related medical conditions, such as PTSD. In addition, some military veterans suffering from OSA may underestimate the health benefits of restorative sleep, rather than be properly diagnosed and treated since its common during deployment to have fractured sleep patterns.

The good news is that there is more awareness of OSA than ever before, especially within the military. Back in February 2012, Ventus Medical, the company that makes Provent Therapy, announced that the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs approved a multi-year, Federal Supply Schedule contract that would enable more veterans to get Provent Therapy treatment — a small, non-invasive nasal device for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

This is good timing, considering that a substantial percentage of veterans don't accept or adhere to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, even though it is a safe and effective treatment. According to Richard B. Berry, M.D., Professor of Medicine at University of Florida, "There is a great need for access to new, clinically-proven therapies—particularly easy-to-use treatments — for the increasing number of veterans with obstructive sleep apnea."

As more and more Iraq and Afghanistan veterans are realizing their post-war health problems, and because many Vietnam veterans are getting older, the number of veterans applying for OSA-related disability benefits will only continue to rise in the coming years. While OSA is a chronic condition creating a significant burden on the Veterans Healthcare System — the VA spends upwards of $500 million a year to treat veterans with sleep apnea — I believe that it is our duty as a nation to provide proper OSA treatment to our veterans to prevent additional chronic health issues. To read more about the study, go to the Wayne State University website.

Adolescents, Poor Sleep and the Toll on Their Health

Most people consider sleep disorders such as sleep apnea, snoring and poor quality sleep an adult health issue, but research is mounting that young people may suffer from sleep disorders as much as adults do.

Earlier this year, Penn State researchers published the results of a study which showed that children who have learning, attention and/or behavior problems may be suffering from a condition known as excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)—even if tests indicate that they are getting enough sleep at night.

And The New York Times article from April 16, 2012 entitled “Attention Problems May Be Sleep Related”  also examined the relationship between children’s sleep quality and the ability to pay attention at school.

The article was on another recent study called “Sleep-Disordered Breathing in a Population-Based Cohort: Behavioral Outcomes at 4 and 7 Years,” published in the Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

One researcher in the article noted that cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (A.D.H.D.) in children may have been misdiagnosed—that the cause of behavior such as moodiness and hyperactivity might have been due to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or other sleep disorder, which caused sleep deprivation in the child. Worse, the drugs prescribed for the misdiagnosed A.D.H.D. might actually be making the child’s symptoms worse.

Now, new research from The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) in Toronto found a link between poor sleep quality in adolescents and a host of negative health issues, including higher cholesterol levels, higher body mass index BMI, larger waist size, higher blood pressure, increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease later in life.

The hospital is one of Canada’s most research-intensive hospitals, and is recognized as one of the world’s foremost pediatric health-care institutions. For the study, lead researcher Dr. Indra Narang, Director of Sleep Medicine and Staff Respirologist at SickKids, and her colleagues studied 4,104 adolescents in the Healthy Heart Schools' Program that screens and identifies teens at risk of coronary vascular disease.

The young participants slept an average of 7.9 hours during the week, and 9.4 hours on weekends. Their sleep patterns, length and quality of sleep were recorded, and data was collected on their BMIs, cholesterol levels and blood pressures. They also found out if any participants had a family history of premature cardiovascular disease.

The results of the study were published in the October 1 edition of the CMAJ — Canadian Medical Association Journal. Almost 20 percent of the adolescents reported poor sleep quality during the week, and 10 percent reported poor sleep quality on weekends. Of the participants, almost 6 percent reported using medications to help them sleep.

From the data collected, the researchers found a link between poor sleep quality—also known as sleep disturbance—and cardiovascular risk in adolescents, based on high cholesterol levels, increased BMI and hypertension. In addition, researchers found a higher sleep disturbance score in adolescents with higher cholesterol level, higher BMI, larger waist size, higher blood pressure and increased risk of hypertension.

Higher sleep disturbance scores were also found in the adolescents who consumed more fried foods, soft drinks, sweets and caffeinated drinks, exercised less and spent more time in front of computer screens. Shorter sleep duration was also associated with higher BMI and waist size. While more research is needed, the findings of the study add to compelling evidence that poor sleep quality in young people is a problem that should be addressed.
Parents, caretakers, teachers and doctors should take a young person’s “sleepy” complaints seriously, and look for clues in their behavior that may indicate sleep deprivation, including excessive daytime sleepiness and symptoms such as inattentive behavior, trouble learning and paying attention, and weight gain/obesity.

I agree with Dr. Brian McCrindle, senior author and cardiologist at SickKids, who recommends that parents do what they can now to help improve the sleep habits of children early in life, such as monitor their caffeine intake and bedtimes, and make sure their bedrooms do not have too much media, especially late at night. Doing so can help ensure that a child’s neurobehavioral challenges are properly diagnosed and treated, leading to better behavior, greater ability to learn and a happier child.

Read the full report, “Poor sleep in adolescents may increase risk of heart disease.”

Less Than Six Hours Sleep/Night Increases Strokes

Lack of sleep and an increase in strokes. According to new research, the two conditions are very connected, even in otherwise healthy adults.

In early June, the University of Alabama at Birmingham released the results of a study that regularly sleeping less than six hours a night significantly increases the risk of stroke symptoms in middle-age to older adults who are of normal weight and at low risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). That’s worth repeating: Less than six hours of sleep per night increases the risk of strokes in adults of normal weight and not at risk for OSA.

It seems that under six hours of sleep per night is the critical variable, but why? Let’s take a look at the study. The University of Alabama researchersfollowed 5,666 people  for up to three years who had no history of strokes or stroke-like symptoms, transient ischemic attacks (when blood flow to the brain stops for a brief period causing stroke-like symptoms), or high risk for OSA at the start of the study.

For a period of three years, the researchers followed and studied the subjects’ first stroke symptoms, stroke risk factors, depression symptoms, demographic information and other various health behaviors. What they found was—after adjusting for body-mass index (BMI)—there was a strong association between daily sleep periods of less than six hours and a greater incidence of stroke symptoms for middle-age to older adults, even beyond other risk factors. Interestingly, the researchers did not find any link between short sleep periods and stroke symptoms in overweight and obese participants.

Still, the connection between short sleep and strokes is worthy of great attention from the medical community and general public. I agree with the Alabama study’s lead author, Megan Ruiter, PhD., who said, “The results of the Alabama study provide a strong argument for increasing physician and public awareness of the impact of sleep as a risk factor for stroke symptoms, especially among persons who appear to have few or no traditional risk factors for stroke.”

It looks like the medical community is taking this message to heart. Another study announced in late July is going on at the Alberta Health Services and the University of Calgary.  There, Dr. Patrick Hanly of the university’s Hotchkiss Brain Institute is leading a study to learn more about the physiological connection between sleep apnea and stroke—specifically, the brain’s blood flow response in people with and without sleep apnea.

For the study, participants with sleep apnea stay overnight in the sleep laboratory at Calgary’s Foothills Medical Centre, where their breathing and cardiovascular responses are continuously monitored while they sleep. The next day, their brain blood flow response to reduced oxygen levels is assessed while they are awake. Then, the participants receive supplemental oxygen during sleep for two weeks, and are tested again to see if their cerebral defense mechanisms have improved. The researchers are also studying people without sleep apnea to see if their cerebral defense mechanisms function better than in those with sleep apnea. Hanly and team’s theory is that it is the lack of oxygen, or hypoxia, that people with sleep apnea experience during sleep that impairs the body’s normal defense mechanisms in the brain. A better understanding of this connection will lead to better prevention and treatment strategies.

I applaud the work of the Alabama and Calgary researchers. It’s time we all wake up to the health benefits of more–and better—sleep.

For more information, read the University of Alabama at Birmingham study, “Under 6 Hours of Sleep Tops Risks for Stroke in a Low-risk Population.”

Ready to Treat Your Sleep Apnea? You Have Options.

This month’s blog is for anyone who has been diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and is currently using or considering using a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machine while sleeping.

Many patients are not happy about the prospect of sleeping with an mask on. If you do opt for CPAP therapy, realize that CPAP machines have come a long way. If you’re adamant you do not want to use a CPAP mask, thankfully, you have options.

First, I want to briefly explain what obstructive sleep apnea does to a person’s nighttime breathing. When you fall asleep, your muscles relax, and the soft palate at the back of the throat can sag. When this happens, the upper airway can become obstructed, causing the soft palate and uvula to vibrate, causing snoring.

When the airway is completely obstructed, breathing stops for a period of time, until the body is jerked awake in reaction. This is obstructive sleep apnea. OSA can cause interrupted breathing hundreds of times a night, usually around 20 seconds per pause.

This paused breathing causes waking through the night, preventing deep, restorative sleep. This often leads to a host of problems, from daytime sleepiness and reduced job performance to hypertension,heart disease, mood and memory problems.

A CPAP machine helps this condition by pumping a continuous flow of air into the nasal passages, keeping the airway open, and preventing or greatly reducing snoring and paused breathing.

Many people don’t like wearing the nasal mask for CPAP therapy. Some feel claustrophobic or claim it causes dry mouth, nasal congestion or skin irritations. Realize there are different machines out there, so it’s important to choose the right machine for you—choose a small, quiet machine with a comfortable mask that fits you well. A humidifier attached to the CPAP machine can reduce throat dryness.

If CPAP therapy is not for you, there are some non-surgical treatment options. One of the latest is the Pillar Procedure, a safe, non-invasive treatment for mild to moderate OSA symptoms. During the Pillar Procedure, three tiny polyester implants are placed into the soft palate through a small delivery tool without incisions or stitches. Over the following weeks, the implants, together with the body's natural fibrotic response, stiffens the upper palate and creates structural support. This reduces the tissue vibration that causes snoring and the tissue collapse that causes obstructive sleep apnea. I do the Pillar Procedure at my Eos Sleep office, and it usually takes around 20 minutes.

Another is a more comfortable alternative to CPAP, called the Provent Device. This FDA-approved treatment involves a small nasal valve that fits into the nostrils and is secured by an adhesive bandage. The valve is powered by your own breathing and creates positive airway pressure much like CPAP, but does not require a machine or mask.

Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) is similar to CPAP therapy, but the machine has two air pressure levels, one for breathing in and one for breathing out. The air pressure for breathing out is usually set lower than the incoming air, and you may find it more comfortable to breathe out against a lower air pressure.

Whatever OSA treatment option you choose, you owe it to yourself to seek proper treatment and use your chosen therapy regularly.  The benefits are great—snoring and paused breathing will be reduced or eliminated, helping you—and your partner—to sleep and feel better during the day.

New Study: Health Effects of Sleep Apnea Evident After One Month

It’s an interesting time in the world of sleep apnea research, a disorder in which a person has periods of slow or paused breathing during sleep. It seems that every month there is a new study showing yet another link between sleep apnea and sleep-disordered breathing (snoring, paused breathing, etc.), and its negative effects on health.

Recent studies have linked obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to depression, silent strokes and small brain lesions, abnormalities in the blood vessels, high blood pressure, heart disease and strokes, even sudden hearing loss. And women take note: Sleep apnea has been linked to dementia in older women, and another study found that women with untreated severe OSA are three and a half times more likely to die from cardiovascular disease than women without OSA!

Clearly, the link between OSA and an increased risk of stroke has been medically established. But what effect does OSA have on the brain vessels and cerebral circulation? Researchers at the   Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas developed a way to find out.

In late April, a study entitled, “Cerebrovascular Consequences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea” was presented and discussed at the Experimental Biology 2012 meeting at the San Diego Convention Center. The researchers described how they developed a new way to induce the effects of obstructive sleep apnea in mice—specifically, the closure of the airway that results in paused breathing and the physiological side effects of OSA. The new testing model enabled the researchers to mimic the symptoms and effects of OSA in humans, and thus study the results in a controlled environment.

For the study, the researchers induced sleep apnea in the mice while they slept. Surprisingly, they found that—after just one month of induced repeated apneas—the mice’s “cerebral vessel dilatory function” was reduced by as much as 22 percent, and the mice’s cerebrovascular function did not function as normal, or before the apneas.

In other words, after just one month of repeated apneas, after a month of repeated apneas, the blood vessels in the mice’s brains did not work as well as they did.

What are the implications of this study? According to the researchers, one is that the new method of testing provides researchers with a more accurate and complete way to study the effects of sleep apnea on people. The other, which I find compelling, is that only one month of moderate, repeated sleep apnea caused a change in cerebrovascular function which could result in a stroke. It is important to note that the results of the study correlates with other studies that show similar cell dysfunction in arteries, which has caused an increased risk of stroke in OSA patients.

This just reinforces the speed in which sleep apnea can damage the body, and the importance of getting diagnosed and treated as quickly as possible.  The results are also a wake-up call to both sleep and medical doctors that damage to the vascular wall in brain arteries could be a factor predisposing an individual with OSA to stroke. Sleep and medical doctors should be working more in tandem to treat patients.

Again, it is in interesting time for sleep apnea research. And I hope and encourage researchers to continue studying and publishing their results so we can all better understand the symptoms and treatments of this disorder. I believe the need for treatment will only increase with time. As obesity, hypertension and other related conditions continues to plague this country, and as the general population ages, we will see an increase in OSA cases. It is no longer a male condition—women, non-obese people and even children can have OSA.

An estimated 18 million Americans have sleep apnea, including one in four women over 65, according to the National Sleep Foundation. While apnea is more common in men, it increases in women after age 50. And some researchers estimate that up to 85 percent of people with clinically significant sleep apnea have not even been diagnosed yet.

Sleep apnea and other sleep-related disorders are prevalent in our society, and people need to wake up to the symptoms and risks associated with them. (I am on a personal mission to educate people about this, and my blog is one of the ways in which I do so.)

So how do you know if you have sleep apnea? The first step is to become aware of some common symptoms, including trouble falling asleep at night, waking throughout the night, chronic snoring, morning headaches, poor memory, daytime sleepiness/falling asleep during the day, bad moods and irritability, increased depression and trouble concentrating/driving/making decisions.

If you have any of the symptoms mentioned above, and suspect that you may have sleep apnea, please get checked out by a doctor who specializes in sleep disorders. Be specific about the symptoms you are experiencing. Many times, sleep apnea can be misdiagnosed as chronic fatigue, insomnia, depression, or some other non-specific condition. Also, some doctors are too quick to prescribe a medication, rather than do a full sleep disorder work up. Again, to try and avoid misdiagnosis, go to a qualified sleep specialist and be specific about your symptoms. Don’t wait—it could save your life, not to mention help your bedmate keep his or her sanity.

Brain Damage from Snoring?

Brain Damage from Snoring?

Snoring from sleep apnea can have dangerous consequences. For years physicians have known that chronic snoring can cause daytime symptoms of fatigue that affect cognitive function and memory loss due to the interruption in sleep it causes. A new study out of Australia from the Institute for Breathing and Sleep at Melbourne’s Austin Health reveals not just an impact in function. Snoring while you sleep could be the cause of brain damage.

During the Australian study, brain scans of 60 people in their mid 40’s who were recently diagnosed with sleep apnea, a common sleep disorder, showed “a decreased amount of gray matter” compared to healthy sleepers. Sleep apnea is caused by the airways collapsing while asleep at night, pausing breathing and forcing sleep apnea sufferers from rousing from a deep sleep, sometimes “hundreds of times a night,” according to Dr. O’Donoghue of Austin Health. This pause results in the brain being deprived of oxygen as well as "surges in blood pressure".

Since the scans showed decreased amount of grey matter in the brain, it meant there was damage in certain areas. According to O’Donoghue, the damage was evident in two pockets of the brain, one that handles memory and the other known to allow smooth movement and changes in attention during complex tasks. Earlier studies have showed that this part of the brain is activated during a driving task, and therefore may explain why sleep apnea patients have an increased risk of car accidents.

"What specific part of sleep apnea might cause these changes we can’t say, but we can see the changes that have occurred…The take home message is if you complain of these sort of symptoms it is not a good idea to ignore it, you should seek help," Dr. O’Donoghue said.

This research was presented at the 22nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Australasian Sleep Association and Australasian Sleep Technologists Association Conference, in Christchurch, New Zealand.

More Veterans are Suffering from Sleep Apnea

The Veterans Administration announced that from 2008 to 2010, the number of veterans who receive benefits for sleep apnea increased by 60%, and that more than 20% of military veterans suffer from the sleeping disorder, compared to the estimate of 5% for those not in the military.

Although one of the main causes can be excess weight, the VA doctors suspect that repeat deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan are exposing the military service members to dust and smoke which are contributing to the increase in cases.

More than 63,000 veterans receive benefits for sleep apnea, which can cause daytime drowsiness, heart disease, and even strokes. The most common treatment is the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask. Although the Social Security Administration recognizes sleep apnea as a disability and pays benefits to those who can’t work, the VA says veterans can receive benefits and hold jobs.

The Department of Veterans Affairs is expected to spend approximately $500 million a year to treat veterans with sleep apnea, and it is expected to rise in the upcoming years. Considering that sleep apnea is linked to serious conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and daytime sleepiness which can cause memory loss and decrease work productivity, it is critical that these veterans receive appropriate care.

For Obstructive Sleep Apnea Sufferers, Throat Exercises Provide Relief

There is a simple (and free) technique that researchers from Brazil have studied, suggesting that exercising the throat muscles may improve severe obstructive sleep apnea symptoms. These throat exercises, derived from speech therapy, seem to work because they have a marked ability to strengthen and tone the muscles of the throat, even reducing the circumference of a patient’s neck.

Sleep apnea is a potentially life threatening sleep disorder that is caused when the muscles of the throat collapse during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of apnea and also the most serious because it causes the soft tissue in the palate, throat, or tongue to “obstruct” the flow of air as a person struggles to breathe while they are asleep. Apnea is particularly severe when there are more than twenty or thirty events per hour because it severely limits the amount of oxygen the person receives throughout the night. Carrying extra weight, especially around the throat area has been found to be a related cause of OSA.

According to an article last month in The New York Times, a study on the effects of specific throat exercises on obstructive sleep apnea patients was conducted by the Heart Institute’s Pulmonary Sleep Laboratory at the University of São Paulo Medical School in Brazil. Researchers split the OSA patients into two groups. One group was instructed to do simple breathing exercises every day, the other group was instructed to do 30 minutes of throat exercises a day, comparable to those that speech therapists employ. The motions included swallowing and chewing, sliding the tongue back and forth to front of the palate, and repeating particular vowel sounds quickly. This exercise technique may be an alternative for some patients to the most widely known treatment of sleep apnea today, the CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) machine, which is attached to a mask the patient wears while asleep.

The researchers found that after three months, the group that only did the breathing exercises had almost no improvement, while those that performed the throat exercises reduced the severity of their sleep apnea by 39 percent. Although the patients’ body mass index remained consistent, also noted was that the exercises reduced the circumference of the subjects’ necks significantly. The study also stated they snored less and slept better, concluding that throat exercises “significantly reduce Obstructive Sleep Apnea severity and symptoms, and represent a promising treatment for moderate OSA.”

The report analysis can be found at PubMed.org. For more information about the available treatments of obstructive sleep apnea, including a throat exercise program, contact The Manhattan Snoring and Sleep Center. If you suspect you have sleep apnea, it is important to get the treatment you need.

Snoring: It’s in the Air that You Breathe

Using EPA air pollution data from a number of different American cities, researchers have established the first link between air pollution and both hypopnea (under breathing) and apnea (pauses in breathing) during sleep. Also studied was the affect that increases of temperature play on these sleeping disorders. Known as sleep disordered breathing (SDB), hypopnea and apnea can cause temporary elevations in blood pressure, lower blood oxygen levels, and can lead to high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases.

In a study that will be published in the upcoming issue of the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, researchers from Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the Harvard School of Public Health have explored the effects of air pollution and temperature increases on sleep apnea and hypopnea episodes. Using data from the EPA monitoring air pollution levels in 7 U.S. cities (Framingham, Minneapolis, New York City, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Sacramento and Tucson), they studied it against data from the Sleep Heart Health Study of 6,000 people from 1995 to 1998.

The doctors were looking to find a correlation between “the elevation in ambient air pollution with an increased risk of SDB, nocturnal hypoxia and with reduced sleep quality,” as well as how “seasonal variations in temperature would exert an independent effect on SDB and sleep efficiency.” Using the data, and taking into account certain seasonal variables, they looked at known SDB factors including a patient’s age, gender and whether or not they smoke.

The results were that this is the first study to link air pollution and sleep disordered breathing. Antonella Zanobetti, Ph.D, a researcher on the project stated, ’We found novel evidence for pollution and temperature effects on sleep-disordered breathing.” They also found that increases in sleep apnea or hypopnea “were associated with increases in short-term temperature over all seasons, and with increases in particle pollution levels in the summer months." The short-term rises in temperature were associated with changes in respiratory disturbances, blood oxygen levels and decreases in sleep efficiency.

Sleep disordered breathing affects nearly 17 percent of the adults in the U.S., and many more aren’t aware they have a problem, since the episodes happen at night. If you feel you might suffer from a sleep apnea or hypopnea, because you’re experiencing some of the daytime symptoms, it is important to get treatment.

To get more information on how to treat sleep apnea or snoring disorder, contact The Manhattan Snoring and Sleep Apnea Center.

Drivers with Sleep Apnea – A Deadly Blend

Drivers with sleep apnea continue to be a hazard, and pose a worrisome combination. Hundreds of International researchers and doctors convened at the 3rd Annual Swedish Sleep Medicine Congress this past April in Gothenburg, where an important research study which examined public transportation drivers in Sweden who had undiagnosed sleep apnea. Results could potentially impact professional drivers everywhere for years to come.

Mahssa Karimi of the Center for Sleep and Vigilance Disorders presented her findings of a study conducted which examined sleep disorders of 116 bus and tram drivers in Gothenburg. The researchers had to first diagnose the drivers, many of whom had not previously sought medical attention for sleep disorders and sleep apnea. It was discovered that 19% had sleep apnea.

Since past studies have linked drivers with sleep apnea to a higher rate of car and truck crashes, these findings point to the importance of getting sleep apnea patients, especially those who are on the roads for a living, the treatment they need to keep the public safe. As Karimi said, “Our findings suggest that it's important to systematically examine professional drivers and other professional groups entrusted with the safety of others in order to be able to treat any sleep disorders, as their work demands alertness and concentration at all times."

Two years ago, a study published in the medical journal Thorax and conducted by Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute and University of British Columbia revealed that sleep apnea patients are at double the risk of being in a car crash, and are three to five times more likely to be in a serious car crash involving personal injury. In the largest study of its kind, researchers used data from the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia to study 1,600 patients with and without sleep apnea.

In another study conducted by the medical director of Lifespan's Employee Health and Occupational Services, Dr. Philip Parks, and The Cambridge Health Alliance, further showed the link of obesity in truck drivers and sleep apnea. Researchers examined 456 truck drivers from more than 50 employers. Of those, 17% had Obstructive Sleep Apnea, most who were older, obese and had higher than average blood pressure. "It is well-known that obesity, a leading risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea, is on the rise in the United States. Truck drivers with sleep apnea have up to a 7-fold increased risk of being involved in a motor vehicle crash," said Dr. Parks. Due to that study, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration is deliberating recommendations to require sleep apnea screening for all obese drivers based on body mass index.

Unfortunately, many of the patients in these studies didn’t even report that they had daytime sleepiness, suggesting that many don’t realize they have sleep apnea and aren’t aware of the potential hazard they cause while driving. Considering that sleep apnea causes excessive daytime sleepiness, impairs motor skills and diminishes thought function, we at Manhattan Snoring and Sleep Center strongly recommend that if you suspect that you have any symptoms of sleep apnea, you seek diagnosis and treatment right away, especially if you drive professionally. The risks to yourself and others when you’re on the road make sleep apnea and driving a dangerous combination. Contact us today.